Elements to consider the financial assessment of technological innovation
In this paper we proposed that technological innovation in a company should be treated as a financial evaluation plan, considering the benefits obtained from it, as well as the costs involved in its adoption and operation. To do this, it is necessary to correctly understand the scope and benefit of both financial evaluation and the usefulness of technology. To achieve this, we reflected on the concept of value and its application, in a proposal based on the formulation of a model of financial evaluation of innovation.
Model development for the economic and social competitiveness of the beekeeping sector in Álamo, Veracruz
At present, beekeeping production has a market that is determined by the increase in the global demand for honey and other products derived from the hive, in Mexico bee production has developed as a relevant activity, due basically to represents an important source of employment in the marginalized areas of the country, as well as one of the main foreign exchange activities within the livestock subsector. But the socioeconomic and technical conditions faced by beekeepers have had considerable consequences, since they do not have sufficient economic benefits. This paper proposes a rural development model for the economic and social competitiveness of the beekeeping sector. An exploratory and descriptive analysis of a specific area of study was carried out. The result of this work is a theoretical model for the competitiveness of the beekeeping sector.
The TFP elements and its behavior in manufacturing subsectors: a Klems methodology analysis
In 2013 INEGI released the research on total factor productivity results through the KLEMS methodology that means Capital (K), Labor (L), Energy (E), Materials (M) and Services (S), whose purpose is to identify, from production factors: capital, labor and intermediate inputs, each one contribution to economic growth over the period 1991-2011. As it is known, for years researchers have tried to calculate the total factor productivity through different methodologies and variables, consequently results were different showing diverse scenarios of economic reality. This new methodology for Mexico allows standardize criteria around this important subject. So in this research, a principal component analysis is developed for those variables that make up the total factor productivity (TFP) index, published by INEGI in order to identify correlations, variability causes and sorting by relevance of those subsectors which constitute mexican economy for 1991-2011 years.
Overview of indicators of technological capabilities in the state of Queretaro
The goal in the present work is to show an overview of the trend that has been followed in the use of technological capacities in the Queretaro state. To achieve this objective, the selection of the variables to be included in the proposed analysis was performed as a first step. Subsequently, the various time series were compiled for statistical analysis so as to be able to show the general picture in numerical terms, as a third step was the descriptive statistics of these indicators or variables and finally the correlation analysis is presented. Based on the analysis of the variables it was found that the greatest variation in the data was the foreign direct investment in the state. On the other hand, the indicator that less variation suffered was the literacy rate. In terms of technological capabilities we can say that in the Queretaro state it is in a positive level.
Structural reforms in Mexico and its social impact: unexpected realities
This article argues that the key to a successful macroeconomy for development is the combination and implementation of effective public policies. Economic growth and development are always accompanied by changes in productive structures: for example, in the composition of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment and wages. In addition, the behavior of the parameters of the impact measurement of the third generation structural reforms is studied, in order to analyze its evolution in the short term in a Latin American economy that is Mexico and it is possible to find out which was the main reason that worsened the level of Income of the families after the implementation of these reforms.
Presidential elections, stock market reactionsand investor sentiment in Mexico
The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of presidential elections in Mexico on the Mexican Stock Exchange by assessing possible significant changes on its behavior during the presidential elections using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis. Structural changes were identified in two of our analyzed samples, so the hypothesis of an existing influence of the elections on investor sentiment and so on stock prices is partially accepted. A more detailed analysis or these changes is suggested in order to better understand the behavior of investors and their influence on financial markets.
The effects of human capital formation on poverty reduction and job creation: an analysis in the state of Hidalgo (1996–2006)
The present research makes an empirical analysis of the endogenous growth theory using human capital as a source of growth for Hidalgo state. This analysis takes into account human capital factors such as education and healthcare. The econometric evaluation uses a regression model with panel data. Estimation results suggest, that the three levels of education have a positive and significant relation with formal employment, in almost all of the cases. However, the higher results are those obtained for medium high educational level, since every equation estimated for this variable got positive and significant results, and there are no changes in signs or significance even in the addition of medical care variables. Medium high educational level has potential and presents conclusive evidence that as every educational level generates employment; however, in difference it can do it with larger effects.
Mexico and the new international financial architecture
This paper revises the national and international consequences that brought the financial crisis of Mexico 1994-95 and it analyzes the measures that were applied for the recovery of the Mexican economy. The main contribution of this work is that it considers to this crisis like the beginning from the reformation to the structural pattern of the International Financial System, which has been a process of a crisis series that continues still, some that they have spread to other regions of the orb, as the cas of Mexico (1994), Asia (1997) and Russia (1998), besides other observed one in big emergent economies where didn't spread the effects with impacts so strong, as the case of Brazil (1998), Turkey (1999) and Argentina (2001-03), besides the North American financial crisis 2008 with impacts in the entire world.
Technology as a competitive advantage for the development of the Latin American industry
In this work a general overview of the problems is presented by those that it crosses Latin america at the moment as regards technological assimilation and that they prevent it to have a bigger world market share. The above-mentioned owes herself, mainly to that in the past always, it had to appeal to the technological development of the region, through three decisive strategic factors: the education (degree and degrees superiors); the goverment´s participation, and the own company, leaving of the problems for those that it crosses the industry textile Mexican at the moment.
The ways in which ideas and economic knowledge flow
Since the early 1980's it has been conspicuous the lack of coherence in economic theory, which each year is divided among an increasing number of schools of scientific communities. Yet, the teaching of economic theory at universities is increasingly dominated by the most conservative fraction of the Neoclassical school. The internet has thus become a basic mechanism for the diffusion of heterodox economics as a way to bypass their present inferior condition.
Anxiety toward mathematics of undergraduate students of economics: the case of the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi in Mexico
Mathematics plays an essential role in economics because many ideas, relationships and definitions are expressed in formulas. However, students of economics are, frequently, reluctant to study it, which affects their learning. This resistance could be due to the teacher’s lack of ability, not enough interest of the student, or simply fear. The aim of this research is to assess anxiety toward the mathematics of the students of the Faculty of Economics at the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi (UASLP) in Mexico. This study is non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory factorial. The sample comprises the college students majoring in economics at UASLP that were taking math courses in 2015. Auzmendi’s (1992) questionnaire on anxiety and attitude toward mathematics is administered to them. The main empirical finding is that students of economics at UASLP do develop anxiety toward mathematics.
Credit risk measurement models, a methodological proposal for Credit Unions
A theoretical framework is developed for the main credit risk models that can be calibrated and implemented by financial intermediaries such as Credit Unions. Emphasis is placed on the CyRCE model as an alternative where the problem is defined around the limitation of information, so that the Credit Unions have tools capable of monitoring the credit risk and the capital requirement necessary to comply with the current regulations required by the financial sector.
Influence of credibility in the prevention of exchange risk in Mexico, 1990-2011
At the beginning the second decade of the twenty-first century, between globalization, is fully confirmed that it is impossible to deny that the crisis, from which no country is safe, are inherent in the nature of the capitalist system and therefore, to be a source of greater systemic risk is essential to have alternative analysis tools and global character to make more accurate decisions. Considering these circumstances, it’s been demonstrated that the credibility of the economic policy, of a government, is subject to the perception of economic agents about the availability of international reserves by the Central bank, to cover his commitments in foreign currency. The above argument was quantified in an index of credibility of the economic policy of the Mexican Government which give citizens a rational and objective vision of the credibility, independent of the announcements of the government, to avoid that their decisions be disturbed.
Multiple views on academic-administrative management in higher education. Towards a new critical-conceptual proposal
The article aims to reflect on other epistemic horizons of understanding academic-administrative management in university institutions as an alternative to the adoption of the principles of the predominant management paradigm (management). Its originality is based on a theoretical-categorical framework of key concepts from the fields of political politics, critical theory and psychoanalysis. As an approximation, the sociology of absences is proposed. The results allow us to contribute to the debate a concept of academic-administrative management based on an ethical criticism from the externality and the suffering of the excluded subjects by the systems of domination of the formal and practical knowledge. The implications of the work show the potential of using interdisciplinary views of theory and the need to adopt complex holistic approaches in the design of research on the subject. The conclusions refer to the design of training profiles based on the concept proposed in this paper.
From the Treaty of rome to the Brexit, integration and/or desintegration of Europe (1957-2017)
This research describes how the Treaty of Rome, created on March 25, 1957, has been a pillar for the construction and consolidation of the European Union. But upon reaching 60 years of signing this treaty, a wobble of this economic integration has generated concern of some countries and some social groups. This dislocation of the European Union began with the economic crisis of 2008, the wave of refugees arriving from the Middle East and the pressures of the United Kingdom, which voted in favor of leaving the bloc a few months ago and in a few days will be formalizing its withdrawal by attaching itself to the Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon. This British decision to leave the European Union after 43 years of belonging to its predecessor, the European Economic Community has a name: Brexit, abbreviation integrated with two words in English, Britain (Great Britain) and exit (exit), which means exit from the United Kingdom of the European Union. For this 2017, the exit of Great Britain to this economic block gradually begins and at the same time changes are expected in the European Union.
Comparative analysis of intraregional trade in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of North America trade integration. Three indicators types of intraregional trade dependence are analyzed: intraregional trade index or share; the intraregional trade intensity and the regional trade introversion index. The results of trade integration analysis differs according to the indicator used so it is important to select the appropriate indicator. Since the more plain indicators have severe limitations, it is argued that the appropriate indicator is the regional trade introversion index. These indices are calculated for the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union. The indices resulted are compared.
Analysis of real estate market prices in the State of Queretaro for the period 2005–2016
Several historical examples, such as Japan in the 1980 and the US in the years 1990 to 2006 have shown that significant increases in a country’s housing prices can result in real estate bubbles with consequent financial crises for the economy of the country where they occur. The objective of the present study is to analyze the trend of house prices for the period 2005- 2016 in the state of Queretaro, using data from the housing price index and the national producer price index in a descriptive study. The results show that Queretaro housing prices increase significantly and continuously. There is also a growing difference between the housing prices and construction costs.
Relationship between poverty, inequality, and investments in the central-northern states of Mexico
The aim of this paper is to verify which type of investment contributes most to reducing poverty and inequality in the north-central region of Mexico. To this end, two six-year periods are analyzed, using a panel data model to study the data simultaneously. This model demonstrates how significant these variables are with respect to poverty in the first case and inequality in the other. The results show that public investment contributes to reducing inequality, but not poverty.
Patent race! The defeat of the mexican pharmaceutical industry
This paper discusses the activity of patent of the national fharmaceutical industry, in particular the dynamics of patent of local companies is compared with the transnational ones, between 1980-2006. In an industry based on the science and of easy imitation-like it is the case of the pharmaceutical industry-, the patent is the natural technological strategy of protection and the mean of appropriation of the derivate benefits of the innovation. This work seeks to demestrate that a drastic change of the system of patents, it can generate two effects in oneself sector: to impel of to destroy a competitor of the career of patents in fucntions of the accumulated technological capacities, such it is the cas of the mexican pharmaceutical industry. The results give evidence of the defeat of the mexican pharmaceutical companies in relation to the transnational ones.
Federal Budgeting and Public Spending Volatility: Congress versus the Executive
The politic struggle for power is focused in the distribution of federal budget. This is reflected in the Congress and in the budgetary alterations of the Public Purse Secretary. Althoungh, this doesn't mean a better accountability of public resources in form automatic. The public expenditure decreases and it accounts for 22.4% of Gross Domestic Product in 2008, but doesn't assure greater discipline of public expenditure. Around 91% of public expenditure already has a predetermined allocation or commitment. The remaining 9% is redistributed by The Congress and Public Purse Secretary, by means of allocation or seattling of scores that provoke an over-exercise of under-exercise. The Law of Federation Superior Auditing considers checking the public account, but does not think about strict regulatiosn, which prevent the change in use of resources in future elections.
Competitiveness in the Paraguayan Livestock and Meat Sector
In this work the Porter´s theory is used to determine how solid is the competitiveness of the cattle and meat sectors of Paraguay. During the studied period, it was found that the use of more technology has allowed the improvement of the endowment determinant factor that traditionally has been the strongest domestic, it was also strengthened in a very significant way, the determinant corresponding to the related sectors that presented more weakness and back wardness in the last two decades. At the same time Paraguay maintained an excellent level in the other two determinant corresponding to in structure, rivalry and demand. We can therefore affirm that Paraguay has consolidates the competitiveness of its cattle and meat sectors in the last decades.
Puerto Madero Chiapas, now Puerto Chiapas: A Forgotten Heritage
In Mexico there have existed, there exist and there will surely continue existing some civil works that once begun they never end, such it is the case of Puerto Madero in the sovereingn state of Chiapas, that one thah remains in spite of the grat apparent strategic value that represents for the society, unconcluded, obsolete and abandoned. The initiatives for the construction of the port date of the XIX and XX centuries, being born erratically with serious atrophies and limitations like a port agricultural exporter, dedicated to the transportation and the commercialization of called "exotic" products of great value in the international market and those that thanks to the commercial oponing that Mexico experienced during that period, it propitiated a peak to the production and the consumption of the different tropical agricultural goods, taken place in the region. In this article there are consigned step to steo the initiatives that led to that that now constitutes the same por infrastructute of Puerto Madero that visually appears materially abandoned.
Learning and Information on Preference Parameters
This paper uses a Bayesian learning model to measure the amount of information that an individual gains on his/her utility function after consuming an initial amount of a generic good. To do so, a learning model on the parameters determining the preferences of a rational individual is developed. In this framework, Fisher´s information (1950) is used to measure the amount of information containes in the parameters of the agent's satisfaction index once consumption has startes. by using Fisher's information and Jeffreys´ rule (1961) a priori distribution on the parameters is constructed, which allows to treat information as a variable.
The Health Care Act in the United States seeks to cover a small proportion of the population that does not have access to the minimum necessary health coverage. There are public programs known as Medicare, Medicaid to absorb the uninsured population. These public programs make the population that does not have medical coverage decrease, but there is still a population without coverage. There is also a program for children, which includes integrating children who do not have medical coverage into the program, reducing the number of children without health services.
Strategies for innovation in Mexico from 2007-2012
In the XXI century, especially the last decade, innovation has become a subject of great importance for all countries. It has been related to Research, Development and Innovation (R+D+i) with economic growth through an increase in production and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), this is a study of technology and innovation strategies in Mexico for the R + D +i Strategies in the National Development Plan 2007-2012 and the Special Program of Science, Technology and Innovation (PECiTI) 2008-2012; and the results obtained from these strategies in the GDP and in the Survey on Research and Technological Development, Module on Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (ESIDET-MBN 2012) prepared by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI, 2012), specifically worked with the data referring to innovation strategies.
Leadership and social capital in civil society organizations that benefit from SCP
Social capital represents a mechanism to achieve social objectives, which tends to reproduce itself through the links of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). These organizations implement projects to serve vulnerable groups, particularly through public resources such as the Social Co-Investment Program (PCS). In this field, leadership processes have the capacity to mobilize resources that lead to new social realities, depending on different situations that members face in these organizations. The objective of the document is twofold. First, it identifies the characteristics of the situational leadership used in the recurrent CSOs of the PCS in the 2009-2012. Second, it describes the importance of the leadership process in the creation of social capital in CSOs. A two-section questionnaire is applied to a sample of 141 CSOs. In the first part, the proposal of Hersey et al. (2001) of the LEAD-Self instrument and in the second one, it is sought to establish the perception of the respondents about the contribution of that leadership. Leadership processes are observed with low levels of efficiency, flexibility, breadth and adaptability, conditioning the creation of social capital and, therefore, the effectiveness of projects co-financed by the PCS.
political copetence and municipal performance in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, during the period 1994-2010
This paper analyzes the relationship between political competition and performance of municipal governments in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Following the political contestability approach, political competition indicators are built on a sample of 207 municipalities in Veracruz for the period 1994 to 2010. Similarly indicators are used in water and drainage to measure municipal performance. The results show that political competition in Veracruz municipalities has started to decline since 2007 (after following a growing trend since 1994) and that the influence on the municipal performance is more important on the level of drainage coverage and the rate of growth of potable water.
Stability of monetary demand. Empirical analysisfor: Brazil, Chile and Mexico
Using cointegration techniques, an econometric scrutiny of the demand for money in Brazil, Chile and Mexico for the period 1980-2015 is carried out; this is done with the aim of confronting two theoretical positions related to the behavior of money demand: the Keynesian that asserts its instability, against Friedman’s monetarist stance that supports the existence of a demand for stable money. The acquired evidence supports the instability of the demand for money in the three countries studied.
Optimal portfolios in the Mexican stock market minimizing a coherent measure of risk subject to expected returns and short sales constraints
This paper is aimed at obtaining optimal portfolios formed with assets from the Mexican stock market that minimize a coherent measure of risk subject to contraints on expected returns and short sales. In particular, the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is used as the objective function according to the methodology proposed by Rockafellar and Uryasev (2000). This allows to calculate the optimal weights (optimal proportions) of any sign for the CVaR at different levels of confidence through a linear programming problem. Finally, empirical evidence shows that, in the Mexican case, the optimal CVaR with nonnegative weights provides better results than those from VaR during the period 2014-2016.
How is poverty measured in Mexico? An application of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) using household survey data (ENIGH)
This article aims to clearly explain how poverty is measured from a multidimensional perspective using the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Unlike measures based solely on income, this approach considers various aspects related to household well-being, such as health, education, and living conditions. For the case of Mexico, the MPI methodology is applied using data from the 2024 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH). Due to limited data availability, proxy variables are used to approximate certain indicators. Finally, the results are compared with the official poverty estimates produced by CONEVAL. Although there are differences in the estimated levels across methodologies, the MPI provides a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of poverty and offers empirical evidence that both approaches identify similar patterns of poverty across Mexican states.